Megaloblastic Anemia in Pregnancy

prevalence, risk factors and implications for maternal and fetal health.

Abstract

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by a deficiency of folate and vitamin B12, resulting in macrocytosis and significant alterations in hematological parameters. The objective of this research was to evaluate the consequences that this condition can cause for maternal and fetal health. This is a literature review of 64 articles derived from PubMed® and Google Scholar platforms between 2014 and March 2024. Vitamin supplementation before conception reduces the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, as described in 35 (54%) of the analyzed articles, with 28 (43%) articles suggesting an ideal dose of 400 μg/day of folic acid, and 10 articles (15%) recommending 600 to 800 µg/day of folate for lactating women to meet fetal developmental demands. It was identified in 12 articles (18%) that vitamin B12 deficiency also increases the chances of low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth. Eleven articles (17%) demonstrated that the highest risk of vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in vegetarian or vegan women. Further studies are needed to investigate the specific consequences of megaloblastic anemia during gestation, emphasizing its critical implications for both maternal and fetal health. Additionally, more detailed clinical trials are essential to establish clearly the ideal supplemental dose of these vitamins to prevent complications and promote healthy maternal and fetal development.