O EMPREGO DA BIOTECNOLOGIA VEGETAL NA PRODUÇÃO DE COMPOSTOS NATURAIS BIOLOGICAMENTE ATIVOS
Palabras clave:
Biotecnologia vegetal, Metabolismo secundário, Cultura de tecidosResumen
Historicamente, os produtos naturais, representam uma fonte importante de substâncias utilizada no desenvolvimento novas terapias. As atividades medicinais presentes em plantas devem-se, principalmente, à síntese de substâncias decorrentes do seu metabolismo secundário. Estas vias metabólicas podem ser ativadas por interações entre as plantas e o meio ambiente, inclusive estresses nutricionais. Além das influências ambientais, a composição de substâncias pode variar de acordo com o tecido vegetal, o estágio de desenvolvimento em que este se apresenta e o caráter genético dos indivíduos utilizados. A utilização de plantas como matérias-primas para a produção em larga escala de medicamentos está vinculada a alguns problemas, como baixas concentrações de metabólitos produzidos em condições naturais, baixa capacidade de padronização química e erosão genética decorrente do extrativismo predatório. Como ferramenta biotecnológica, a cultura de tecidos vegetais oferece técnicas úteis às pesquisas destinadas à melhoria da produção e obtenção final de metabólitos secundários; tanto pela propagação em massa do material vegetal utilizado e produção de metabólitos secundários in vitro, quanto pela seleção e conservação de germoplasma de interesse. No presente estudo foi feita uma breve revisão das principais técnicas biotecnológicas empregadas no cultivo e propagação de espécies vegetais de interesse medicinal e econômico.
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